effects of chlorpromazine on reproductive system and function in female rats

Chlorpromazine [CPZ], an antipsychotic drug, is associated with increased risk of sexual dysfunction through increasing prolactin levels. The current study evaluates the effect of CPZ-induced hyperprolactinemia on ovarian follicular growth, gonado-tropins, and alteration of ovarian source hormones. In this experimental study, animals were divided into four groups, control and CPZ [n=8 per group]. In the treated groups, CPZ was administered by gavage at doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg per day for 28 days. On day 29 the animals were killed after which histopathological and histomorphometric analyses of the ovaries were performed. We evaluated the levels of prolactin serum, luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], estradiol [E[2] and progesterone. The ovaries of the test groups showed numerous atretic follicles of various sizes. CPZ caused a significant difference between the test groups and the control group [P<0.05] on the amount of atresia and the size of the normal corpora lutea [CL]. The increased dysfunction of the ovaries from the different groups depended on the amount of CPZ administered. The serum concentrations of prolactin and progesterone significantly increased [P=0.05], while the serum concentrations of estradiol, LH and FSH notably decreased [P=0.05], depending on the CPZ dose. CPZ-induced animals had unsuccessful mating and decreased pregnancy rate. The present findings suggest that CPZ-induced disturbances not only depend on prolactin level but the increased prolactin level is largely dose-dependent

Chlorpromazine-induced hyperprolactinemia on rat's uterus

Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect of antipsychotic drugs that requires further investigation. The current study was designed to evaluate dose-dependent effect of chlorpromazine [CPZ] on hormonal changes and uterine horn histological structure in rats. Moreover, the mammary glands were analyzed to show hyperprolactinemia-induced histological changes. Albino Wistar rats [n = 32] were divided into four groups. The first group was set as a control. In the three drug-treated groups [eight rats in each group], CPZ was administered by a gavage at doses of 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day for 28 days. One day after the last administration of the drug, the animals were sacrificed. Histopathological and histomorphometrical analyses of the uterine horns and mammary glands were carried out to evaluate dose-dependent effect of CPZ on histological structure. Serum levels of prolactin [PRL], estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], and luteinizing hormone [LH] were also evaluated. Remarkable [P < 0.05] elevation was observed in CPZ-administrated animals' uterine horn endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium thicknesses, and the mammary glands were observed with galactorrhea features. The serum level of progesterone and PRL significantly [P < 0.05] increased, while the serum concentration of LH, FSH, and estradiol was notably [P < 0.05] decreased depending on administrated CPZ dose. No histological and biological changes were occurred in the control animals. The present findings suggest that CPZ-induced disturbances not only depend on PRL level and increased PRL level largely depends on administrated doses of the CPZ

relation between nursing administration's self-confidence and the staff's vocational satisfaction

Self-confidence is a glorious feature of an effective administrator. Their main goal is the organizational success. Therefore, we approached this idea by evaluating the self-confidence of nursing Administration in Tehran University of Medical Sciences [TUMS] Teaching Hospitals and its relation to vocational satisfaction of the staff. In a cross-sectional study, we interviewed 200 nursing administrators and 200 staff in different departments of the TUMS Teaching Hospitals using a standardized questionnaire to assess the self-confidence among nursing administrators and staff satisfaction. Data were entered in SPSS [17.0] and analyzed using this software and STATA [11.0] using non-parametric tests and Spearman's correlation of coefficient. The significant level was set as P<0.05. Of 200 nursing administrators 58 [29%] were male and 142 [71%] were female. Mean +/- SD of the self-confidence score for the nursing administrators was 134.9 +/- 19.8. Among the staff 68 [34%] were male and 132 [66%] were female. The mean +/- SD of the vocational satisfaction for staff was 89.12 +/- 18.3. After considering the effect of departments in a regression model, the correlation between nursing administration's self-confidence and the staff's vocational satisfaction was found not significant [P=0.055]. Gender and years of employment were the only factors affecting self-confidence and vocational satisfaction between the nursing administration and staff respectively, which not significantly correlated after adjustment

Toxic effect of acyclovir on testicular tissue in rats

Background: acyclovir [ACV], a synthetic purine nucleoside analogue, is known to be toxic to gonads

Objective: the current study evaluated cytotoxicity of ACV on histopathological changes in testis tissue and serum testosterone and lipid peroxidation concentrations of male rats

Materials and Methods: animals were divided into five groups. One group served as control and one group served as control sham. In the drug treated groups ACV administered for 15 days. 18 days after the last injection, animals were sacrificed. Histopathological and histomorphometrical analysis of the testis was carried out. Serum levels of testosterone and Lipid Peroxidation and potential fertility of animals was evaluated

Results: male rats exposed to ACV had significant reduction in serum testosterone concentrations at 16 and 48mg/kg dose-levels [p<0.01]. ACV induced histopathological changes in the testis and also increase the mean number of mast cells in peritubular or interstitial tissue in the testis at16 and 48mg/kg dose-levels [p<0.01]. In addition ACV caused increase of serum level of Lipid Peroxidation at 48mg/kg dose-level [p<0.05]. As well ACV decreased potential fertility in male rats

Conclusion: the present results highly support the idea that ACV has adverse effect on the reproductive system in male rat

Patient safety in Tehran university of medical sciences' general hospitals, Iran

It is important to focus on creating opportunities for patients' participation at all levels of health systems in order to promote their ability to improve patient safety and quality of services. The general aim of this study was to determine patient safety level in Tehran University of Medical Sciences' [TUMS] general hospitals, Tehran, Iran from patients' perspective and to determine the contributory factors on their perspective. This was a cross-sectional study. In the spring 2011, the list of clinical departments of the six general hospitals affiliated to TUMS was obtained through the Website of TUMS. By using stratified random sampling, the sample size was calculated 300 patients. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire and its validity and reliability were acceptable. Descriptive statistics, linear regression and logistic regression were used for analyzing the data. Totally, 60% of patients were female. Patient safety was evaluated high by 60% of respondents. The unmarried or educated or employed individuals tend to score lower than others. TUMS's general hospitals are enough safe from patients' perspective, patient safety should be improved. In clinical governance, contributing patients' perspective to the improvement of patient safety reforms is critical in generating new models of good practice

Effect of purine nucleoside analogue-acyclovir on the sperm parameters and testosterone production in rats

Acyclovir [ACV], a synthetic purine nucleoside analogue derived from guanosine, is known to be toxic to gonads and the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ACV on the sperm parameters and testosterone production in rat. In this experimental study, forty adult male Wistar rats [220 +/- 20 g] were randomly divided into five groups [n=8 for each group]. One group served as control and one group served as sham control [distilled water was intraperitoneally [i.p.] injected]. ACV was administered intraperitoneally in the drug treatment groups [4, 16 and 48 mg/kg/day] for 15 days. Eighteen days after the last injection, rats were sacrificed by CO2 inhalation. After that, cauda epididymides were removed surgically. At the end, sperm concentrations in the cauda epididymis, sperm motility, morphology, viability, chromatin quality and DNA integrity were analyzed. Serum testosterone concentrations were determined. The results showed that ACV did not affect sperm count, but decreased sperm motility and sperm viability at 16 and 48 mg/kg dose-levels. Sperm abnormalities increased at 48 mg/kg dose-level of ACV. Further, ACV significantly increases DNA damage at 16 and 48 mg/kg dose-levels and chromatin abnormality at all doses. Besides, a significant decrease in serum testosterone concentrations was observed at 16 and 48 mg/ kg doses. The present results highly support the idea that ACV induces testicular toxicity by adverse effects on the sperm parameters and serum level of testosterone in male rats